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Snake in the tunnel FOREX - what is it? About crosses Currency swap Bid/Ask spread Many buyers and many sellers Many buyers and many sellers, part 2 Structure of the foreign exchange market International date line of the forex Electronic conversations per hour Dealers and forex market Dealer - trader Everybody loves dollars, the forex too SPOT "American or european terms" Numerator and denominator Futures Forex means "no limits"? Forex forecasting What is the Currenex? Crawling peg Linked exchange rate Endaka FxMarketSpace Retail forex Snake in the tunnel Forex size to NYSE volume, US$ reserves, futures Tax Advantages of the Forex Market Bretton Woods system Forex turnover - U.S. Dollar, Euro, Yen, Pound sterling, Swiss Franc, Canadian Dollar Forex turnover - other currencies Forex turnover - US dollar against: EUR, JPY, GBP, CHF Forex turnover - US dollar against: other currencies Forex turnover - Euro against: USD, JPY, GBP, CHF Forex turnover - Euro against: other currencies Foreign exchange turnover by country and currency Forex turnover - Outright forward transactions by country and maturity Forex turnover - Swap transactions by country and maturity Total Forex turnover by country (1989-2007) SPOT Forex turnover by country (1989-2007) Notional amounts outstanding of OTC Forex derivatives by instrument, counterparty and currency Execution methods for foreign exchange transactions Regulated Forex Brokers: What's the Difference? The snake in the tunnel was the first attempt at European monetary cooperation in the 1970s, aiming at limiting fluctuations between different European currencies. Pierre Werner presented a report on economic and monetary union to the European Economic Community on 8 October 1970. The first of three recommended steps involved the coordination of economic policies and a reduction in fluctuations between European currencies. With the failure of the Bretton Woods system with the Nixon shock in 1971, the Smithsonian agreement set bands of +/-2.25% for currencies to move relative to their central rate against the US dollar. This provided a tunnel in which European currencies to trade. However, it implied much larger bands in which they could move against each other: for example if currency A started at the bottom of its band it could appreciate by 4.5% against the dollar, while if currency B started at the top of its band it could depreciate by 4.5% against the dollar; if both happened simultaneously then currency A would appreciate by 9% against currency B. This was seen as excessive, and the Basle agreement in 1972 between the six existing EEC members and three about to join established a snake in the tunnel with bilateral margins between their currencies limited to 2.25%, implying a maximum change between any two currencies of 4.5%, and with all the currencies tending to move together against the dollar. This agreement also led to the formal end of the sterling area. The tunnel collapsed in 1973 when the US dollar floated freely. The snake proved unsustainable, with several currencies leaving and in some cases rejoining. By 1977, it had become a German mark zone with just the Belgian and Luxembourg franc, the Dutch guilder and the Danish krone tracking it. The Werner plan was abandoned. Source: Wikipedia - General Public Licence